Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy with Staple-Line Oversewing in a Patient with Factor XI Deficiency: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery (BS) has a lower percentage of complications than other abdominal surgeries. Hemorrhage in one of the most common complications and can be life-threatening. Hereditary factor XI (FXI) deficiency is a coagulation disorder that can result in excessive bleeding requiring intervention to restore hemostasis. Risks over benefits in patients with morbid obesity with BS indication, as well as those with FXI deficiency, should be carefully evaluated. This article reports the case of an obese woman with FXI deficiency -undergoing SG. CASE REPORT A 49-year-old woman with a BMI of 51 kg/m² was diagnosed as having severe FXI deficiency during preoperative exams prior to bariatric surgery. Virus-inactivated homo-group plasma 10 ml/kg infusion was administrated 1 h before surgery, during the entire procedure, and continuing until postoperative day (POD) 4. A very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) was proposed to the patient 4 weeks before surgery. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy was performed with staple-line reinforcement by oversewing the seromuscular layer using continuous suture. Subcutaneous enoxaparin 4000 U.I. was administered from POD 1 until POD 25 to prevent any thromboembolic event. The patient was discharged on POD 5 in good clinical condition. CONCLUSIONS Risks of bleeding andor thromboembolic events before or after BS are increased in patient with FXI deficiency. Bariatric surgery in these patients is safe in experienced BS centers, and the risks associated with the obesity seem to exceed those of the coagulopathy and surgery. Careful preoperative counseling, extensive hematological checks, and meticulous surgery are essential to reduce BS risks. Sleeve gastrectomy oversewing the stapler line seems a reasonable choice.

In vitro differential inhibition of the factor XI activity assay in the setting of a lupus anticoagulant.

Acquired factor XI deficiencies due to factor-specific inhibitors are rare and may be associated with lupus anticoagulant. We report a 63-year-old male with suspected postsurgical bleeding, prior surgical site infection, an isolated prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, and a positive lupus anticoagulant. Although the factor II assay was normal, factor VIII and IX assays initially demonstrated nonparallelism with factor activity that consistently increased to normal reference ranges with serial dilutions. A discrepancy in factor XI activity results was discovered when the in-house method demonstrated undetectable activity (<3%); send-out testing using different instrument/reagent combinations revealed the presence of factor XI activity between 70% and 76%. The patient received surgical follow-up and was subsequently discharged home. Given the differential in vitro inhibition of factor XI activity on our initial in-house testing, this case highlights the importance of recognizing factor assay interference in the presence of a known lupus anticoagulant inhibitor, with strategies to mitigate potentially erroneous results.

Rare bleeding disorders: Real-world data from a Spanish tertiary hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Due to their low prevalence, rare bleeding disorders (RBDs) remain poorly characterized. AIM: To gain insight of RBDs through our clinical practice. METHODS: Retrospective study of the medical records of RBD patients followed up at the Central University Hospital of Asturias between January 2019 and December 2022. RESULTS: A total of 149 patients were included. Factor (F) VII (44 %) and FXI (40 %) deficiencies were the most common diagnosed coagulopathies. Most of the patients were asymptomatic (60.4 %) and the most frequent type of bleeding were mucocutaneous and after surgery. All replacement treatments were administered on demand and no patient was on a prophylaxis regimen. Currently available products were safe; allergic reactions after administration of plasma were the most frequent complication. Genetic analysis, carried out on 55 patients (37 %), showed that the most frequent mutations in RBDs are of missense type (71.9 %). We identified 11 different novel genetic alterations in affected genes. The c.802C > T (p.Arg268Cys) variant, previously described, was identified in 71 % (15 of 21) of the patients with FXI deficiency genotyped and none were related (probable founder effect). CONCLUSION: Our study on an unusual large single center cohort of RBD patients portrays location-dependent distinct genetic drives and clinical practice particularities.

One case of surgical treatment of coagulation factor XI deficiency complicated with esophageal cancer: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Coagulation factor XI deficiency is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease with a low incidence. It usually occurs after surgery or trauma; Esophageal cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract in China. But so far, surgery-based comprehensive treatment of esophageal cancer still dominates. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of an Asian patient with XI factor deficiency and lower esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who was admitted to our hospital recently. After active preoperative preparation, the operation was successfully performed, and there was no obvious abnormal bleeding during and after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: Coagulation factor XI deficiency is a relatively rare disease, and patients with the disease will face a greater risk of bleeding during the perioperative period. The encouraging perioperative outcome enables us to have a deeper understanding of surgical treatment strategies for patients with Coagulation factor XI deficiency.

Factor XI deficiency: phenotypic age-related considerations and clinical approach towards bleeding risk assessment.

ABSTRACT: Factor XI (FXI) deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder that presents complex challenges in patient assessment and bleeding risk management. Despite generally causing mild to moderate bleeding symptoms, clinical manifestations can vary, and bleeding tendency does not always correlate with FXI plasma levels or genotype. Our manuscript delves into the age-related nuances of FXI deficiency across an individual's lifespan. We emphasize issues faced by specific groups, including neonates and females of reproductive age experiencing abnormal uterine bleeding and postpartum hemorrhage. Older patients present unique challenges and concerns related to the management of bleeding as well as thrombotic complications. The current assortment of diagnostic laboratory assays shows limited success in predicting bleeding risk in the perisurgical setting of patients with FXI deficiency. This review explores the intricate interplay between individual bleeding profiles, surgical sites, and FXI activity levels. We also evaluate the accuracy of existing laboratory assays in predicting bleeding and discuss the potential role of investigational global assays in perioperative assessment. Furthermore, we outline our suggested diagnostic approach to refine treatment strategies and decision making. Available treatment options are presented, including antifibrinolytics, replacement products, and recombinant activated FVII. Finally, we discuss promising nonreplacement therapies for the treatment of rare bleeding disorders that can potentially address the challenges faced when managing FXI deficiency-related bleeding complications.

Hereditary coagulation factor XI deficiency: a rare or neglected disease? Results from a retrospective, single-centre cohort in northern Italy.

To examine real-life clinical data regarding hereditary factor XI (FXI) deficiency from a secondary care centre. Retrospective review of clinical records for every FXI:C 0.7 IU/ml or less reported from 2012 to 2020. Seventy-nine patients were included. Six (7.6%) had a severe deficiency (FXI:C <0.2 IU/ml). Only 55 (69.6%) patients were referred to the Haemostasis Centre. Among them, six (15%) were subsequently not identified at increased haemorrhagic risk before a surgical/obstetrical procedure. Thirty-three (41.8%) experienced at least one bleeding event, minor (25 patients) and/or major (16 patients). Minor bleedings were predominantly spontaneous and more frequent in women, major events were mainly provoked. No correlation was found between FXI:C and risk of bleeding ( P  = 0.9153). Lower FXI:C, but not a positive bleeding history, was related with higher likelihood of being referred to the Haemostasis Centre ( P  = 0.0333). Hereditary FXI deficiency prevalence is likely underestimated, real-life clinical practices outside reference centres could be suboptimal.

Biology of factor XI.

ABSTRACT: Unique among coagulation factors, the coagulation factor XI (FXI) arose through a duplication of the gene KLKB1, which encodes plasma prekallikrein. This evolutionary origin sets FXI apart structurally because it is a homodimer with 2 identical subunits composed of 4 apple and 1 catalytic domain. Each domain exhibits unique affinities for binding partners within the coagulation cascade, regulating the conversion of FXI to a serine protease as well as the selectivity of substrates cleaved by the active form of FXI. Beyond serving as the molecular nexus for the extrinsic and contact pathways to propagate thrombin generation by way of activating FIX, the function of FXI extends to contribute to barrier function, platelet activation, inflammation, and the immune response. Herein, we critically review the current understanding of the molecular biology of FXI, touching on some functional consequences at the cell, tissue, and organ level. We conclude each section by highlighting the DNA mutations within each domain that present as FXI deficiency. Together, a narrative review of the structure-function of the domains of FXI is imperative to understand the etiology of hemophilia C as well as to identify regions of FXI to safely inhibit the pathological function of activation or activity of FXI without compromising the physiologic role of FXI.

Causative alleles for chondrodysplastic dwarfism, factor XI deficiency, and factor XIII deficiency in the Kumamoto sub-breed of Japanese Brown cattle.

Japanese Brown cattle are the second most popular Wagyu breed, and the Kumamoto sub-breed shows better daily gain and carcass weight. One of the breeding objectives for this sub-breed is to reduce genetic defects. Chondrodysplastic dwarfism and factor VIII deficiency have been identified as genetic diseases in the Kumamoto sub-breed. Previously, we detected individuals in the Kumamoto sub-breed with causative alleles of genetic diseases identified in Japanese Black cattle. In the current study, 11 mutations responsible for genetic diseases in the Wagyu breeds were analyzed to evaluate the risk of genetic diseases in the Kumamoto sub-breed. Genotyping revealed the causative mutations of chondrodysplastic dwarfism, factor XI deficiency, and factor XIII deficiency and suggested the appearance of affected animals in this sub-breed. DNA testing for these diseases is needed to prevent economic loses in beef production using the Kumamoto sub-breed.

[Analysis of a Chinese pedigree affected with Hereditary coagulation factor â ª deficiency due to variant of F11 gene].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the molecular pathogenesis of a Chinese pedigree affected with Hereditary coagulation factor Ⅺ (FⅪ) deficiency due to variants of the F11 gene. METHODS: A male proband with Hereditary coagulation factor Ⅺ deficiency who was admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University due to urinary calculi on November 30, 2020 and his family members (7 individuals from 3 generations in total) were selected as the study subjects. Clinical data of the proband were collected, and relevant coagulation indices of the proband and his family members were determined. Genomic DNA of peripheral blood samples was extracted for PCR amplification. All exons, flanking sequences, and 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the F11 gene of the proband were analyzed by direct sequencing. And the corresponding sites were subjected to sequencing in other family members. The conservation of amino acid variation sites was analyzed by bioinformatic software, and the effect of the variant on the protein function was analyzed. Variants were graded based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). RESULTS: The proband was a 36-year-old male. His activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was 89.2s, which was significantly prolonged. The FⅪ activity (FⅪ:C) and FⅪ antigen (FⅪ:Ag) were 2.0% and 3.5%, respectively, which were extremely reduced. Both the proband and his sister were found to harbor compound heterozygous variants of the F11 gene, including a c.689G>T (p.Cys230Phe) missense variant in exon 7 from their father and a c.1556G>A (p.Trp519*) nonsense variant in exon 13 from their mother. Conservation analysis indicated the Cys230 site to be highly conserved. The c.1556G>A (p.Trp519*) variant was known to be pathogenic, whilst the c.689G>T variant was classified as likely pathogenic (PM2+PM5+PP1+PP3+PP4) based on the ACMG guidelines. CONCLUSION: The c.689G>T and c.1556G>A compound heterozygous variants of the F11 gene probably underlay the pathogenesis of FⅪ deficiency in this pedigree.

"Familial Multiple Coagulation Factor Deficiencies of FXI and FXII in an Asymptomatic Saudi Woman".

Factor XI deficiency (FXI) is the third most common coagulation factor deficiency after hemophilia A and B, ie, in the hierarchy after factors VIII and IX, taking into account von Willebrand's factor deficiency, as bleeding disorders are higher than in hemophilia C. Factor XII deficiency (FXII) is a congenital condition, inherited in the vast majority of cases in an autosomal recessive manner, more often associated with thromboembolic complications. A combination of both factor deficiencies has been found very rarely, and it can be familial multiple coagulation factor deficiency (FMCFD). This study reports the case of a 39-year-old woman from Saudi Arabia who had the combination of FXI and FXII deficiencies, known to be on treatment for hypothyroidism and was referred to a hematology clinic with an incidental finding of prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Although there was no history of bleeding tendency, her siblings had a family history of an unknown type of bleeding disorder. On physical examination, the patient did not show any bruising, petechiae, or ecchymosis. The aPTT was 69 seconds (27-38) with normal use of other hemostatic agents and was corrected after a 50:50 mixing study. Intrinsic coagulation factors were evaluated, and they revealed severe FXI and moderate FXII deficiencies. Due to a strong family history, the patient was diagnosed with FMCFD. In conclusion, familial combined multiple clotting factor deficiency (FCMFD) is a rare condition that requires attention and reporting. The management strategy in such cases has not been well studied, especially in the long-term symptomatic patient with severe but asymptomatic combined FXI and FXII deficiencies, which is an area for review and further study.

Resolution of cardiac surgical bleeding with the combination of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate and fresh frozen plasma following lack of response to fresh frozen plasma alone in a patient with severe factor XI deficiency.

Factor XI deficiency is associated with a bleeding tendency in some patients. Factor XI helps to reduce fibrinolysis. Bleeding risk is increased in factor XI-deficient patients during surgeries with high fibrinolytic activity, including nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal and genitourinary surgeries. Treatment options for factor XI-deficient patients include fresh frozen plasma (FFP), antifibrinolytics, recombinant factor VIIa, and factor XI concentrates (available in Australia, Canada, and some European countries). 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4-factor PCC) is an extract of FFP comprised of unactivated factors II, VII, IX, and X, proteins C and S, and heparin. It has been used for cardiac surgical bleeding. We report the first case of a patient with severe factor XI deficiency and cardiac surgical bleeding, which resolved with the combination of 4-factor PCC and FFP after lack of response to FFP alone.

A focus on dominant negative variants in a series of 170 heterozygous FXI-deficient patients.

INTRODUCTION: Dominant-negative effects have been described for 10 F11 variants in the literature. AIM: The current study aimed at identifying putative dominant-negative F11 variants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This research consisted in a retrospective analysis of routine laboratory data. RESULTS: In a series of 170 patients with moderate/mild factor XI (FXI) deficiencies, we identified heterozygous carriers of previously reported dominant-negative variants (p.Ser243Phe, p.Cys416Tyr, and p.Gly418Val) with FXI activities inconsistent with a dominant-negative effect. Our findings also do not support a dominant-negative effect of p.Gly418Ala. We also identified a set of patients carrying heterozygous variants, among which five out of 11 are novel, with FXI activities suggesting a dominant-negative effect (p.His53Tyr, p.Cys110Gly, p.Cys140Tyr, p.Glu245Lys, p.Trp246Cys, p.Glu315Lys, p.Ile421Thr, p.Trp425Cys, p.Glu565Lys, p.Thr593Met, and p.Trp617Ter). However, for all but two of these variants, individuals with close to half normal FXI coagulant activity (FXI:C) were identified, indicating an inconstant dominant effect. CONCLUSION: Our data show that for some F11 variants recognized has having dominant-negative effects, such effects actually do not occur in many individuals. The present data suggest that for these patients, the intracellular quality control mechanisms eliminate the variant monomeric polypeptide before homodimer assembly, thereby allowing only the wild-type homodimer to assemble and resulting in half normal activities. In contrast, in patients with markedly decreased activities, some mutant polypeptides might escape this first quality control. In turn, assembly of heterodimeric molecules as well as mutant homodimers would result in activities closer to 1:4 of FXI:C normal range.

Impact of genetic structural variants in factor XI deficiency: identification, accurate characterization, and inferred mechanism by long-read sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Congenital factor XI (FXI) deficiency is a probably underestimated coagulopathy that confers antithrombotic protection. Characterization of genetic defects in F11 is mainly focused on the identification of single-nucleotide variants and small insertion/deletions because they represent up to 99% of the alterations accounting for factor deficiency, with only 3 gross gene defects of structural variants (SVs) having been described. OBJECTIVES: To identify and characterize the SVs affecting F11. METHODS: The study was performed in 93 unrelated subjects with FXI deficiency recruited in Spanish hospitals over a period of 25 years (1997-2022). F11 was analyzed by next-generation sequencing, multiplex ligand probe amplification, and long-read sequencing. RESULTS: Our study identified 30 different genetic variants. Interestingly, we found 3 SVs, all heterozygous: a complex duplication affecting exons 8 and 9, a tandem duplication of exon 14, and a large deletion affecting the whole gene. Nucleotide resolution obtained by long-read sequencing revealed Alu repetitive elements involved in all breakpoints. The large deletion was probably generated de novo in the paternal allele during gametogenesis, and despite affecting 30 additional genes, no syndromic features were described. CONCLUSION: SVs may account for a high proportion of F11 genetic defects implicated in the molecular pathology of congenital FXI deficiency. These SVs, likely caused by a nonallelic homologous recombination involving repetitive elements, are heterogeneous in both type and length and may be de novo. These data support the inclusion of methods to detect SVs in this disorder, with long-read-based methods being the most appropriate because they detect all SVs and achieve adequate nucleotide resolution.

Epidural analgesia in a patient with factor XI deficit.

FXI deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder characterised by a decreased level or activity of factor. Pregnant women are at increased risk of uterine bleeding during childbirth. Neuroaxial analgesia may increase the risk of epidural hematoma in these patients. However, there is no consensus on the anaesthetic management. We present the clinical case of a 36-year-old woman with a personal history of factor XI deficiency, pregnant with 38 weeks gestation who is scheduled to perform birth induction. Pre-induction factor levels were measured. They were less than 40%, so it was decided to transfuse 20 ml/kg of fresh frozen plasma. After the transfusion it had levels greater than 40%, so epidural analgesia was performed without incident. The patient had no complications secondary to epidural analgesia or transfusion of a high volume of plasma.